The three traditional laws of being by Eduardo Bellani
- The law of identity
- ‘Whatever is, is.’
- The law of non-contradiction
- ‘Nothing can both be and not be.’
- The law of excluded middle
- ‘Everything must either be or not be.’ (Russell 1912)

Figure 1: The North Rose window of Chartres Cathedral, France, 1190-1220 CE. The stained glass window shows scenes of Jesus Christ, the prophets and 12 kings of Judah.